International Finance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 2

International Finance - Essay Example The first section highlights how General Electric suffered adversely because of the 2011 crisis in Japan that involved an earthquake, tsunami, and nuclear radiation. The second section of the paper involves calculations on covered interest arbitrage in order to investigate the amount of profit achieved and the amount of loss achieved by a corporate foreign investor.This paper stresses that The common characteristics of multinational enterprises include huge capital outlay, which contribute to the massive investments usually made by the MNEs. MNEs also have wide market presence in form of retail stores in numerous countries or subsidiary companies in numerous countries, a big workforce, and huge sales volume because of the wide market presence, wide and highly decentralized organisational structure. Lastly, MNEs have cultural diversity within their organisational setting. General Electric decides to venture into Japan through other subsidiaries such as Hitachi-GE Nuclear Energy Limite d because of the country’s robust economy, which is ranked third Worldwide in terms of gross domestic product after the United States and China. This essay has identified that for a foreign company to decide to venture into another local market or country, the local market has to be endowed with various factors that make it a conducive business environment. Such an environment is most likely to favour the business operations of the foreign company, give it an opportunity to growth further, and increase it profitability level.

GMO's and their negative effects Research Paper

GMO's and their negative effects - Research Paper Example GMOs are unhealthy to human’s health because they are composed of toxic substances. This is so because when they are consumed, they leave behind substances that have long term effects on human health. For instance, genes added into GM soy can shift into the deoxyribonucleic acid of bacteria existing in us. This is proved when a GM com was detected in the blood of a pregnant woman and her unborn baby. Therefore, doctors are then urged doctors to give prescription of a non-Genetically Modified diets for all that are affected (Smith and Jeffrey, 2007. Numerous health problems have also increased after GMOs were brought in. The percentage of persons with more chronic illnesses jumped from 8% to 14% in just ten years. There has been a rise in food allergies, disorders like autism, reproductive disorders, and digestive problems. Though there is no enough research to affirm that Genetically Modified foods are a adding element, doctors groups have alerted people not to wait but to start protecting ourselves and more so our children who are at a much risk. GMOS also create allergy that affects boys and adults. This causes allergic reactions in humans that usually occur when a nontoxic protein gets into the body and causes an immune response. Whenever the new protein in a Genetically Modified food gets from a host that is known to bring allergies in humans or one that has never been taken in as human food, the certain that the protein could evoke an immune response in human being increases. Though no allergic reactions to Genetically Modified food by users have been affirmed, in vitro prove indicating that some GM results could bring an allergic reaction has prompted biotechnology parties to cease their exploitation. Getting a GM food into the market is a hectic and costly process. This means most companies run at a loss is they do not carefully take this into account. This may result in other negative effects such as unemployment to many

Product analysis of sprite

Product analysis of sprite This paper writes on a product of coca cola sprite, and seeks to address the concepts of product, price , promotion and place and its effect on the survival,competitive advantage over like products , preferrence by customers and its place in the beaverage drinks market place in the Malaysian community. Introduction In 1886 Dr. John Stith Pemberton first introduces Coca-Cola in Atlanta, Georgia. The pharmacist concocted caramel-colored syrup in a three-legged brass kettle in his backyard. He first distributes Coca-Cola by carrying it in a jug down the street to Jacobs Pharmacy. For five cents, consumers can enjoy a glass of Coca-Cola at the soda fountain. Now almost over 120 years old and selling in more than 200 countries, the brand is regarded as the biggest in the world and has come top of an Interbrand poll of all global brands for the fourth time in a row. It is now estimated that Coca-Colas brand is worth a whopping $67.5bn (Â £39bn). The Coca cola company in Malaysia sets as the production ground for almost all the products of Coca cola for the consumption of her customers in the Malaysian community. Coca Cola Products The Coca cola company products ranges from coke, fanta, fanta soda, krest, sprite With a portfolio of more than 3,300 beverages, from diet and regular sparkling beverages to still beverages such as 100 percent fruit juices and fruit drinks, waters, sports and energy drinks, teas and coffees, and milk-and soy-based beverages, our variety spans the globe. Brand name and Logo Coca-Cola possesses one of the most recognised brand designs in history. Its not only the trademark design of that white typeface on that particular shade of red that makes it so iconic, but also the equally famous bottle. The Product SPRITE Sprite is a favorite drink to many coca cola customers in Malaysia. Customer values are a very important attribute to organizations today. It is perceived as the worth of benefits customers received by owning and using a product in exchange for the total cost needed to obtain the product, after taking into consideration of available competitive offerings and pricings (Kotler et al., 2007). (Kinnear Bernhardt 1984) relates on the concept of product as every want -satisfying attribute a consumer receives in making an exchange, including psychological as well as physical. The concept of Product has the characteristics of solving particular needs and is categorized into physical or tangible and services or intangible The competitor of Sprite is of 7up. Sprite is a lemon lime flavor carbonated drink that also taste sweet and bubbly. However, the content of Sprite is crystal clear. Sprite is best enjoying cold especially on a hot day. The glass bottle of Sprite is colored in dark green which perhaps is a representation of lime or lemon. The sprite is packaged in plastic bottles and disposable cans with its smart sparling design which makes it appealing to customers and creates beauty for the product. Price The price of a bottle of sprite in the Malaysian market sits at RM 2.00 i.e ($0.63) which is considered very cheap and affordable. Price is defined as the way a person acquires something by giving out something in return (Kotler et al., 2007). In other word, the process of exchange is actually the process of substituting a product with another product (Exchange, 2009). The price of the sprite is influenced by the availability of raw materials, cost of production and government taxes. This cheap price tag despite is high quality and satisfaction ,makes it very much in demand by customers .The price of sprite in the market gives a good and reasonable perceived value from the customers point of view. Price is value based and with such a low price tag for the sprite, customers prefer it to its main competitor 7 up, which sits at the same price in the market but considered by many to be of a lower quality. Competitors are the market challengers to a company that will seek to attack the company in an aggressive bid to increase their own market share (Kotler et al., 2007). Place Place refers to the distribution or all the activities the Coca cola company Malaysia undertakes to get the Sprite to the customers at the right location and at the right time. Malaysia has a humid temperature that stands between 30 degrees and 35 degrees centigrade , thus the customers are always at all times in demand for chilled drinks and Sprite with her sparkling lemon lime flavor is preferred by many. The company uses middlemen, physical distribution with company trucks and Lorries, wholesalers and retailers like Giant, Carrefour, KK, 7 eleven and shops and outlets across the different localities in Malaysia to make the product available to their customers. The distribution channel of sprite in Malaysia is vast and strong making it impossible to walk into any shop or stall throughout the country without spotting a bottle of sprite on display for sale. Furthermore, the company sets up its own retail shops around different locations in the country as well as where houses for whole sales to traders. Promotion The coca cola company in Malaysia has taken to sponsoring advertisements on sprite on the local television stations, Astro and the local radio FM station to inform, persuade and influence the consumers buying decision to buy the sprite. The company creates awareness, educate on the features of sprite and its benefits to the consumer, thereby creating interest in the consumer to buy the sprite. The tools of promotion used by the Coca cola Company in Malaysia along with advertisement include sales promotion, public relations, personal selling and direct marketing of the sprite. The Sprite is also promoted by the sponsorship given to local hockey teams and football clubs within the Malaysian environment. Conclusion On writing on the core aspects of product, price, place and promotion as it affects the survival of sprite in the competitive market, the writer simply portrays on the fact of the basic tools of marketing the Coca cola Sprite in the Malaysian community. The paper delves on the best of the Coca cola Company in Malaysias ability in the performance of their specific marketing of sprite in consonance with the vital aspects of understanding, collaboration ,create, anticipate, influence and the implementation to realize the basic goals in marketing the product sprite which takes to the aspect of making profit and satisfying the customer.

Free YGB Essay - Perceptions of Hawthornes Young Goodman Brown :: Young Goodman Brown YGB

Perceptions of Young Goodman Brown In "Young Goodman Brown", Nathaniel Hawthorne makes visible the perception we have of what is chaste and amoral by showing Goodman Brown that the people perceived as being the most holy are just as guilty of immoral thoughts. The naming of Goodman Brown is that it could be anyone that has to face these moral issues between good and evil. It is an everyday occurrence for us to want to test the waters of evil. The story is a reflection of existence, being that each has a path to take and decisions to make. Young Goodman Brown decides to venture forth into the realm of unknown by a yearning unknown to him. He meets up with a traveling companion who is an elderly reflection. He caries a staff of serpent life symbolizing evil. Along the path, Goodman Brown sees people he identifies with divine happenings. His conviction in humanity is shattered. He begins to converge his thoughts to heaven, for the strength to see through this masquerade of earthly surroundings.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Goodman Brown is curious as to what might lay ahead on the late journey. His wife pleads for his stay, only to be denied. She speaks of dreams to Goodman Brown, he reflects on this and denies any unnerving thoughts. Goodman Brown comforts himself by convincing himself that this one deed will be the last, he will then never leave Faith again. He is asking for forgiveness since he is about to cross the line of good and evil. If he can just take leave of his virtuous living for one night, he will forever be at Faith's side. His journey leads him along a dark avenue into the woods. His traveling companion awaits his arrival, and his tardiness is blamed on his Faith. Goodman Brown is quick to note that he still has Faith, but he will journey this one time. After time passes, Goodman Brown begins to realize his mistake for taking leave this late evening. His Faith is far from him now and he would like to adhere to her wishes. He fights to take l eave of his companion, but his will is too weak. Unconsciously he continues forward. Brown questions the stranger and does not know of such evil existing in his family, but the stranger conveys to Goodman Brown the past experience he has had with his relatives.

Ozone Depletion and Global Warming Essay

There is no doubt that global warming is fast becoming a serious issue at this time. However, not all people are aware of the negative effects that global warming and ozone depletion can bring. They are also not aware of the fact that their day-to-day actions can contribute largely to the phenomenon. While ozone depletion and global warming is hard to deal with, there are numerous ways where people can contribute to the environment so that the situation will not become much worse than what is seen today. If people would like to help improve the environment, they should start within themselves by changing some of the ways they run the household. Recycling and reusing is a very practical thing to do especially nowadays when everything is high in terms of their cost. Recycling can decrease the amount of garbage that will be sent out to landfills. People should also choose to buy products made out of recycled materials. It is also important to conserve energy by turning appliances off when they are not in use, or by using Energy Star qualified products, or by modifying the house and using green power or installing solar panels. Spreading the word and participating in activities and programs that support the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions can also significantly help. Changing household ways can be easier compared to that of the workplace setting because there are less people to instruct and there are fewer appliances to check. Still, when working, people should always utilize office equipment such that they are only used when needed. Things that are not usually used should be powered off but things that are mostly used should not be turned off every time because constantly switching them on and off can use up more energy. Employees and companies should also make it a point to recycle and reuse their materials, especially paper. Papers should only be used for important communication or reports. Other less important things should be communicated through the Internet by email or instant messages.

Methods of Evangelism Essay

Of the two evangelistic intellectual methods, I have chosen to research the â€Å"Four Spiritual Laws.† Bill Bright wrote, â€Å"Just as there are physical laws that govern how the physical universe, so are there spiritual laws that govern your relationship with God. This method is most used in presenting the Gospel to someone because it is simpler. Bill Bright, the founder of Campus Crusade for Christ, originally wrote this as a booklet. This booklet was designed to help individuals to be more effectual in their witness for Jesus. The Four Spiritual Laws are used to convict, convince, and convert. The Laws are as followed: Law 1: God loves you and offers a wonderful plan for your life. [John 3:16] Law 2: Man is sinful and separated from God. [Roman 3:23] Law 3: Jesus Christ is God’s only provision for man’s sin. Through Him, you can know and experience God’s love and plan for your life. [Roman 5:8] Law 4: We must individually receive Jesus Christ as Savior and Lord; then we can know and experience God’s love and plan for our lives. [John 1:12] According to my research the advantages of using the Four Spiritual Laws approach are, they enable one to be prepared because it is [so simple] and represents the basic truths of the Gospel of Jesus. This method allows you to open up an easy conversation the right way. For example, â€Å"I have been a Christian for years, and I have just recently found a way to express my faith that genuinely makes sense. I would like to share it with you. Have you heard of the Four Spiritual Laws?† At the same time, the most understandable way to explain the Laws is to read the booklet aloud. It gives one the confidence of already knowing what to say because it distinctly pre sents the claims of Jesus Christ. Above all, this is essential to pass on to a non-believer (2 Timothy 2:2). Furthermore, in using this method you can explain all the marvelous things that are waiting for you when you receive Jesus as your Lord. Declaring what the Bibles says, â€Å"If you declare with your mouth, â€Å"Jesus is Lord,† and believe in your heart that God raised him from the dead, you will be saved. For it is with your heart that you will believe and are justified, and it is with your mouth that you profess your faith and are saved (Romans 10: 9-10). Afterwards, you can encourage an individual to ask questions. Alternatively, there are a couple of disadvantages to using the Four Spiritual Laws. Even though, this method has been effectively used, it can be somewhat confusing to the person whom did not grow up in a Christian culture. An example would be, â€Å"telling someone God has an incredible plan for their life.† This may ultimately sound as if you only have to believe in Jesus, and all your problems will be gone. However, the Bible never promises life will be wonderful. It says, â€Å"Indeed, all who desire to live Godly in Christ Jesus will be persecuted† (2 Timothy 3:12). In other words, even though the Laws explains that you can have an incredible life if you accept Jesus and believe that he died on the cross for you; this is a point that [cannot] be over expressed, but can be reiterated by quoting John 10:10. Another disadvantage in using this method is it does not define sin. In first John, it says that sin is lawlessness, (i.e. Breaking God’s law). While the Four Spiritual Laws does explained sin as being separated from God, it does not explain [what] separates us from God, which in reality is our disobedience of God. Because of our rapidly changing world you cannot automatically assume that everyone understands what sin is. So, when using the Four Spiritual Laws, it is essential to explain sin. Non-believers need to understand that the word sin means breaking God’s laws. Ultimately, this would give the believer a chance to introduce the Ten Commandments, further making them understand the need for a savior. Part TWO- Evangelistic Method #2 Of the Relational Methods, I have chosen to explore â€Å"Lifestyle Evangelism.† In summary, this method is essentially demonstrating ones faith by their actions. It is the most effective way of winning souls. This method should be used on people, whom one interact with the most, people who know someone and see them on a regular basis. Lifestyle evangelism creates a nurturing environment to extend an invitation to Christ. This means an unbeliever will feel a sense of belonging before becoming a believer. Research has shown that a non-believer would be likely to give a believer the opportunity to share their faith, when the believer’s life has proven that their words are sincere, and life altering. In this way, the non-believer would feel a sense of worth before they expose themselves to the Inspired Word. There are some advantages to using the Lifestyle Relational method. In particular, the Father sent Jesus to be the absolute light, to be an example, and demonstrate how people of God should live. We should be living proof that Our Father is who he says he is; that Christ truly is the Son who freed people from slavery to self; and that the Holy Spirit honestly can transform our life. This is truly an advantage affirmation. This example of showing is not a substitute for telling. If words were all we used to explain the gospel, then people would never understand it enough to submit to Jesus. However, showing a person is a necessary preparation for telling. People will always buy into your words when your actions back them up. We must live a life that shows Jesus Christ. Christ told His disciples, â€Å"Let your light shine before men that they may see your good deeds and praise your Father in heaven† (Matt. 5:16). This means the way we handle business, the way we play games, the way we prepare for tests, the way we interact with family. Every thing we do should allow Christ to shine daily in our lives. Another advantage of using the Lifestyle Relational method would be that it is the most profitable and productive method. It not only produces but allows one to be converted, as well as become a disciple, which is what Jesus calls us to do (Matt. 28:19). In today’s culture, when it comes to the truth of the Scriptures, people want to see it validated and lived out in another before they will accept it as the valid truth. Inasmuch as, there are advantages to this method there are disadvantages, as well. One primary disadvantage to this approach is that it can be an easy excuse for Believers. Consequently, instead of aggressively and diligently pursing evangelistic opportunities, Believers may convince themselves that if they just lead honest lives, are open and friendly in sharing their faith, God will take care of the rest. The truth is to be an effective evangelist; you have to be more aggressive in your selection of friends; as well as identifying non-believers with whom you relate to comfortably and who you enjoy being around. Another disadvantage to this method of evangelism is that; it is the most customary approach used among evangelists; it is especially universal among those who share their faith the [least] and who are less likely to [know] of anyone accepting Jesus through these efforts. Lastly, this method is one that is discredited by the Scriptures. Part THREE- Evangelistic Method #3 The â€Å"Confrontational† evangelistic method I have chosen to explore is the Door to Door Evangelism. In summary, this method began with D. James Kennedy in 1960. After preaching at the Coral Ridge Church in Fort Lauderdale, FL; James Kennedy realized that he was afraid to confront unbelievers with the truth of the gospel. Surprisingly, being invited to Decatur, GA to conduct a gospel campaign, he was introduced to presenting the gospel door to door. After he had returned to the church in Florida, he implemented the principles he had learned, and called them the â€Å"Evangelism Explosion.† The primary purpose of Door to Door evangelism is to build relational bridges between the community and the local church. The Bible shows us how the Lord used this method effectively during the history of the church, from the time of the early church until today. Door to Door work is part of the church’s ‘Level One Sowing’ strategy. It is going to the people ins tead of waiting for them to come to the church. Furthermore, this method of evangelism is one of the few ways that ascertains each household can be reached with the gospel. With this in mind, there are some advantages to using this method of evangelism. For example, almost anyone can do this technique of outreach; because there are no rare or exceptional skills required. Another key advantage; like all outreach it conveys that the church is interested enough to go out to the people. It also opens up valuable contacts for far more than ordinary evangelism. Lastly, it is a fairly cheap means of outreach, and easy to organize. Nevertheless, this method of evangelism is not without its disadvantages and critics. Since 1973, research has shown and labeled this method to be outdated, old fashioned and ineffective in today’s society. Consequently, when doing door to door work it should be done in teams; and always done in teams when ladies are involved. However, this presents a problem because building mixed sex teams are not always easy to organize. Another disadvantage is that some forms of this method are not suitable for the younger generation. Lastly, it is hard to motivate people to do this form of evangelism. In essence, once they begin, many individuals find it enjoyable and much easier than expected. Part FOUR – Application of These Methods to Your Own Life The method that I have chosen that suits me best is Lifestyle Evangelism. I chose this one because when Jesus said, He did not come to â€Å"to be served, but to serve, and to give His life,† He was not just explaining His mission; He was showing us how to live (Matt. 20:28). For me, living a life that is Holy and acceptable in God’s eyes is the best way to show others how much work He has done in me, for me and through me. This method works best for me because, when I walk the walk, I can talk the talk because it shows. This allows me to introduce Jesus to many of the people around me, from the grocery store to the car wash. Even when I am not actively evangelizing I am because of my lifestyle. I may not always see the role I play in different people lives, but according to our text states we should constantly plant the seeds of gospel. There are some whom will plant and others will water. This role of evangelism is comfortable for me. It allows me to approach non-believers with confidence, to share my testimony. Being an evangelist for Jesus has become cool, and why not? Personally, it feels incredible to choose good over evil. Living an acceptable life for Christ, is allowing God to shape my character into the likeness of Him. Evangelizing should not be something we do every now and again, but it should be the way we are call to live. My attitude should be the same as Jesus. Apostle Paul said it like this, â€Å"In your relationships with one another, have the same mindset as Christ Jesus: Who, being in very nature of God, did not consider equality with God something to be used to his own advantage, rather he made himself nothing by taking the very nature of a servant, being made in human likeness (Philip. 2:5-7). While writing this paper, I received a compliment from a stranger. I thought it was the best compliment I have ever received. It was, â€Å"Miss, are you a Pastor or Evangelist, I ask because you have an [anointed] air about you.† I was taken back, and when I thought about it, tears fell. This is my daily prayer that I would decrease, and God would increase in me. References BibleGateway.com. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.biblegateway.com Bright, B. (n.d.). Four Spiritual Laws Online. Retrieved from http://www.campuscrusade.com/index.html Earley, D., & Wheeler, D. (n.d.). Spiritual Farming. In Evangelism Is: How to Share Jesus with Passion and Confidence (pp. 85-92). Relational Evangelism. (n.d.). Http://www.cmfhq.org/Portals/0/acrobat/training/Rel_Evangelism Stewart, D. J. (n.d.). Confrontational Soul Winning †¦Verses Lifestyle Evangelism. Retrieved from http://www.jesus-is-savior.com/Believer’s%20Corner/confrontational_soulwinning.htm You Can Share The Gospel. (n.d.). MTA BIBLE. Retrieved from http://www.mtabible.com/evangelism-methods/10-four-spiritual-laws.php

Shoplifting essays

Shoplifting essays "If we catch anyone shoplifting, we call the police. Always. We have zero tolerance for shoplifters," said Steve Rice, manager of Dillard's at the Westgate Mall. "We see so much shoplifting, across the board, all ages. It's a real problem." Cpl. Lisa Cherry of the Amarillo police Crime Prevention Unit says when store personnel apprehend a teen for suspected shoplifting, the store detains the teen and calls police. Police take the suspect into custody. The police run a check to see what the offender's status is with the department and evaluates the cost of the merchandise. The suspect may be sent to the juvenile authorities or released to parents. Juvenile offenders face stiff penalties of fines, detention, community service and even jail time. Shoplifting is a major thorn in the side of local retailers, and nationwide, juvenile shoplifters account for $2.8 billion losses annually According to a National Retail Federation study, teens account for 30 percent of shoplifters, yet make up only 7 percent of the U.S. population. Many teen-agers look upon shoplifting as a harmless, victimless act that stores can afford. Shoplifting affects more than the store and the offender, it overburdens the police and law enforcement staff, and adds to consumer cost. Westgate Mall holds seminars for its merchants with mock shoplifting demonstrations by area police. "The most recent one was in April with 68 percent of the mall merchants participating. We had videos of shoplifters in action and talks by area police on how the shoplifter operates and what the merchant can do to spot them," said Amy Frow, assistant marketing director of Westgate Mall. prices go up in every store and you end up paying for what was stolen, parents friends ect all pay. store have to up their prices beacuse they have to pay for all the theft, pay for more security, pay employees wages, ect. ...

Qantas Airways Dual Brand Strategy

Qantas Airways Dual Brand Strategy The Dual Brand Strategy by Qantas Airways to create low cost carrier JetStar airways Introduction Qantas airways Limited is the national carrier for Australia with its headquarters located in Sydney. The main hub of the carrier is at Sydney airport. It is well known for being the largest in Australia as well as being the oldest to have continuously operated in the world. Qantas operates Jetstar, a low cost carrier which has proven to be a great success. The airline has succeeded in the operation of this two differing airline brands which have been termed to be very strong yet very distinct.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Qantas Airways Dual Brand Strategy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Qantas is among the worlds most prominent full service airlines. Having operated for over 90 years now, it has been grossly profitable and also has been growing at good rate with improvements on its premium standards in its product s and also services. At the same time Jetstar has grown over the few years and has been in operation from domestic flights in Australia to flights within intra-Asia and now across the Asia pacific. The airline has been garnering a lot of profit and it is also among the best low cost airlines in the world (Jetstar Airways 2006). Strategies The main competitor of Qantas domestically is virgin blue with its brand of â€Å"a new world carrier†. The chief advantage of Qantas is that it has been able to meet the needs of its entire customer base in a profitable manner. The main reason as to why the airline decided to engage in the dual band strategy varies in aspects. Australian aviation industry is the most liberalized in the world today. Some airlines started the low cost airline business earlier on in the year 2000. The companies in this case are virgin blue and impulse. This was after other entrants had tried to get into the market prior to them. This called for a dire need to protect the position of the company in the market, such that it could be able to maintain a competitive position in the market. This was fallowed by the acquiring of Impulse just before it was declared bankrupt, thus having an upper hand over the competitors. After the collapse of Ansett and the halting of international travel owing to the September 11th attacks, the company increased its domestic base and the customer number increased as well. At this time, the competitors being still small and the market share being so large, maintenance of the domestic share proved a bit expensive to Qantas thus the need to go low cost came into the limelight. Jetstar came up to compete with Qantas in low cost routes that would also have an impact on the profits of Qantas. The biggest issue was to surpass the notion that this was bound to fail, as it had been so in other prior competitors.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first p aper with 15% OFF Learn More In the company’s strategy, Jetstar was based on principles which were learnt from the past failures of the other carriers. In the first place, the airline was bound to have different industrial arrangements and management of operations. In this way, the operation of the airline was veered off the full service boards. This was supposed to be a totally low cost carrier and not a bridge between the two, as was the case of Australian airlines. At this stage, the company went ahead to introduce a domestic price which was 15% less than that of virgin blue and an international price 20% less than the cheapest competitor (Gregg 2007). Efficiency in this case was enhanced through the simplification of products and overheads through the use of overheads and also products. Structures in the workplace were established which would be able to suit the operation of the new carrier. These structures were on the industrial relations, pilot rates an d also the hiring basis of the employees. The other strategy was optimization of the group returns other than a collaboration of the two airlines. In this case, there was maintenance of the group oversight of both airlines and a subsequent network of the two which would in turn optimize the group returns. To avoid the low cost airline interfering with the parent airline, a special committee was established to coordinate the operations of the former. If there were to be any differences in the opinions of the two airlines, the subject was left to the top individuals. The competition between the two airlines has give place for the two airlines to be responsible for setting of their prices based on their own grounds (Rochfort 2009). Another strategy was a continued investment on products and services. Qantas being the core of the group has been vested with much interest having successfully been ranked among the best airlines in the world. It thus has been continuously supported with cre dible investment on quality of service to the personnel. This has made the airline to enjoy over 50 percent of the domestic market share, and has an upper hand over its competitor, virgin blue, by surpassing it with over 35 percent premiums. In the international field, the strategy has worked well in that it was able to make a good start by making over $3 million within the first few months. This has though been met with opposition by those who see it as a way of demeaning conditions posed by Qantas (Simpliflying 2010).Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Qantas Airways Dual Brand Strategy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Challenges At the same time, the company has faced some challenges in the market. A new company, Tiger has emerged, virgin has adjusted its product and made new introductions, more low cost models which are long haul are emerging, privatization of airports and expansion of hub carriers. This can only be controlled by being flexible like transitioning some routes to a lower cost, switching domestic and also the international capacity and being completely low fare through Jetstar (Warne 2006). Risks Some of the risks that the company is bound to encounter include the prospective low earnings. This is mainly due to the uncertainty in the cost of fuel and also an increase in the capital expenditure. This however has been supported by the dual system and the strength in the liquidity of the company which keeps it with an upper hand as compared to its chief competitors. The other risk is the increase in competition from some of the key routes. The timing of its recovery is also uncertain, thus making it more risky. The effective deployment of Jetstar to some of the New Zealand and Japan routes go hand in hand with the maintenance of its risk profile. This gives it the advantage of having maximum profits in cyclic lows. This has been effective in the way Jetstar has grown to be a leadi ng flight in these leisure routes (Standards and Poor’s 2010). Importance of Jetstar The focus on Jetstar is more important in that it has and will help the company to maintain its lead in the market shares, both in the domestic and in the international arena. This will enhance an effective competition in cost and thus the Asian leisure travel will have overly grown. With this factor being successful as it is deemed to be, earnings for Qantas will improve in the near term which will be advantageous to it in case the business travel remains stagnant. References Gregg, P. (2007) World Low Cost Airline Congress 2007. Available at: qantas.com.au/infodetail/about/investors/worldLowCostAirlineC ongress2007.pdf. Jetstar Airways (2006) Jetstar move to single brand and distribution approach to support growth in Asia. Available at: jetstar.com/pdf/news/20060726d.pdf. Rochfort, S. (2009) Qantas revs up Jetstar expansion. Available at: smh.com.au/business/qantas-revs-up-jetstar-expansio n- 20091125-jrsr.html. Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Simpliflying (2010) Australia’s Qantas Airways – the world’s most agile airline brand? Available at: http://simpliflying.com/2010/australias-qantas-airways-the-worlds-most-agile-airline-brand/ Standards and Poor’s (2010) Qantas Airways Ltd. Available at: standardandpoors.com/ratings/articles/en/us/?assetID=124519 3628501. Warne, D. (2006) Qantas to finally offer inflight broadband. Available at: http://apcmag.com/qantas_to_finally_offer_inflight_broadband.htm.

An Examination Of The Caviar Market Economics Essay

An Examination Of The Caviar Market Economics Essay The new business is aiming to produce a substitute caviar product in Russia and Kazakhstan, with a view to exporting it to the UK. It is anticipated that the main targets for this product will be those in the low to middle income bracket who would not generally be able to afford real caviar. Consumption of caviar in the UK is not as widespread as in some other regions and this is thought to be primarily due to the high price that is commanded by caviar in the country. The aim of the business is to provide an affordable alternative that will be provided over the internet and by phone, allowing for rapid delivery of products that are well priced. Loyalty offers will be available and the business aims to target the general consumption market rather than the exclusive, luxury segment of the market. Initially, the target will be the UK alone, although there is no particular reason that this could not be extended in time as production increases. Substitute caviar made up of a variety of d ifferent ingredients will be available in order to satisfy the widest range of tastes possible. Overview of Research Process A multifaceted research approach has been taken, due to the fact that whilst completing the initial research it became clear that the UK market may not be the best initial overseas market to target, and this resulted in a wider analysis than originally anticipated. Consideration was given to the global market for both the export and import of caviar and caviar substitutes, with a view to gaining an understanding of the general movement of caviar and also in an attempt to understand where the value lies and where there is opportunity for growth. Another research approach was to look at commentary specific to the UK market and the way in which UK consumers view the caviar products, in order to get an idea as to whether or not there is likely to be a demand for a caviar substitute of the nature proposed. This type of research will naturally require greater depth and primary research in the form of consumer questionnaires; interviews would also be desirable to supplement the general media reports. Information was also obtained in relation to the production industry in Kazakhstan and Russia, which was also seen as important as this gave an indication as to whether or not these countries had the ability to increase their production and had the necessary facilities to do so at a reasonable price. Critique of Research Process The research process was somewhat scattergun in nature, aiming to cover a wide range of issues and this resulted in lack of depth at times. By attempting to determine the potential market in the UK, the general market for caviar and caviar substitutes, the general production processes and the way in which caviar substitutes are developed, this research was naturally less detailed than may be necessary in the next stages of business development. A more focussed approach, for example, looking specifically at the UK and the va rious caviar substitutes available, may have been a more productive approach at this stage.

Business and Management Research (Leadership topic) Coursework

Business and Management Research (Leadership topic) - Coursework Example According to several eminent authors around the world, leadership activity plays critical roles in initiating the actions of the organization, motivating the workforce, providing guidance to the team followers, building a proper working environment and also coordinating with the upper management in order to ensure smother work flow (Duke, 2009; Mackay, 2007; Harrell, 2008). This segment of the study will undertake a critical review of the article, â€Å"Combinative aspects of leadership style and the interaction between leadership behaviours† by Gian Casimir and Yong Ngee Keith Ng. This journal article was published in the year 2010 in Leadership & Organization Development Journal, Vol. 31 No. 6, and can be found in pages 501-517. The authors carried out this study for the principal purpose of testing an alternative standpoint of interaction, which is purely based on the technique or way leaders amalgamates various leadership behaviours (Casimir and Ng, 2009). The two principa l leadership behaviours considered by the authors are socio-emotional leadership and task oriented leadership. The subsequent section of the study will enumerate brief summary and review the findings of the paper. In addition, this paper will also critically review the study by Gian Casimir and Yong Ngee Keith Ng in the context of its weaknesses and strengths. Review and Summary of the Paper The study by Gian Casimir and Yong Ngee Keith Ng was about examining the interaction between socio-emotional leadership and task-oriented leadership. According to the authors, there were two major underlying principles for which the subject of study was opted. The first and most important reason was that these two leadership styles have always been the centre of attention when it came to test of interaction in the field of leadership literature. The second reason was that the authors identified that a number of day-to-day organizational leadership involve attitudes and behaviour that can be arti culated as task oriented behaviour or socio emotional behaviour (Luthans, Hodgetts and Rosenkrantz, 1988; Judge, Piccollo and Ilies 2004; Komaki, 1986). Lastly the topic of interaction is also considered to be significant (Blalock, 1965; Cronbach, 1987). In the meantime, it is also necessary to define the two leadership style being discussed here in the study. A proper definition will help in better understanding of the subject and will also help in reviewing and summarising the paper. Task oriented leadership is often deemed as multifaceted and encompass wide range of behavioural traits (Glass, 2010; B. Bass and R, Bass, 2009; Northouse, 2011). Some of the typical function of task oriented leadership is allocation of resources, assigning the particular job to the followers, emphasizing on the deadlines, to cross check whether the followers are actually following the rules and regulation and maintaining the decorum of the organization and pressurizing the followers to work hard towa rds the achievement of the goals (Delamater, 2006; Heinemann and Zeiss, 2002; Lussier and Achua, 2009). Therefore, from the perception of the authors, it is evident that one of the most vital features of a task oriented leader is pressurizing the followers to accomplish the task in timely manner by delegating the tasks as per the capabilities of the followers (Misumi, 1985). On the

Alberty Valez v. Corp de Puerto Rico Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Alberty Valez v. Corp de Puerto Rico - Assignment Example The big question out of the case is: do the television stations qualify as employee or independent contractor? Discrimination of employees on the basis of gender and pregnancy are covered under Title VII. However, it does not cover independent contractors, which means that independent contractors cannot successfully sue under Title VII. The case brings into light what it means to be an employee as defined under Title VII. The court applied common law agency test in order to ascertain whether Alberty was an employee of the firm or if she worked as an independent contractor. Under common law, most factors linked the plaintiff to an independent contractor even though she maintained that the defendants control her work place, determined working hours and directed the films, thus thought of herself as an employee. The court held that she was an independent contractor because she provided the resources required for the performance of the contract. Her tax treatment, method of remuneration, and lack of employment benefits, indicated that the plaintiff was an independent contractor rather than an em ployee. This case clarifies the distinction between an employee of an organization and an independent contractor, thus remains crucial in the labor

The Importance of Motivation Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Importance of Motivation - Research Paper Example The researcher states that motivation applies in many areas including the classroom, working place and even at the home place. This paper will discuss the importance of motivation in the mentioned areas, the positive effects of motivation and the happenings if there is no motivation. In a classroom with no motivation, the students with less learning capabilities or rather those who are slow in learning get disadvantaged. They become frustrated and bored with assigned tasks that they cannot handle. These students tend to have little interest during class time thus their concentration lowered. Their view of the importance of education is changed and such students will take it as a burden. Their attendance for classes decreases while some can even stop schooling. In a classroom, motivation comes in where the students feel some sense of belonging. The teachers base the syllabus according to the interests of the students. The students instructed using different approaches. Some theory wor k put into practice to break the monotony of being in a classroom. The students have the opportunity to make decisions about how they prefer to learn a given subject or topic. Motivation in a classroom is important since it has a positive result in the long run. The desired achievements of success attained. The gap between the fast and slow learners brought closer. The courage, pride, behavior, and performance of motivated students generally rise compared to those who are not motivated. A workplace is a social place where combined capabilities or different individuals bring out a tangible effect. Motivation at the workplace is all about what and how workers want to work. It entails what they want to be introduced, improved, or abolished for them to work comfortably. Lack of motivation in workplaces brings in headaches to the managers and employers, as the employees do not produce the best. There arise issues of low profitability, company failures, and thus closure due to low product ion.

To what extent do you agree with the Slovak proverb 'The more Essay

To what extent do you agree with the Slovak proverb 'The more languages you speak, the more of a person you are How is this no - Essay Example The word 'identity' has taken on a different meaning. Identity has become part of the chaotic behaviour creating social perception (Freeman79 ) "Identity is a complicated cycle process: knowing, claiming and recognizing". (Chryssochoou 2000) which requires the use of language to communicate. The process of socialization, and communication have become the part of the sociolinguist's job. In this essay we will identify the complex meaning of identity and associate it with the meaning of language. Multiple identities are related to the multiple roles we take in society. It will be shown that speaking a second language, is not an extension of the first language thus a countable number of identities but another set of independent roles in itself. As an independent set of roles is established, a new pluralistic identity has been established. A bilingual person can perceive himself as a different set of identities depending on which language he is speaking. An English speaker will not speak the same language at home as he will speak at work in a foreign country. Or if he does speak at work it will not be at the same linguistic level as it would be if he were speaking to native English speakers. A multilingual personal will have more identities. The more languages a person speaks the more identity roles he will have. Building a better self identity of a L2 learner is done through the use of L1 in the classroom. This technique is the opposite that 20 years ago. Only the target language was thought as being the best result for teaching. As the proverb is dealing with two distinct topics, the essay will deal define the concept of identity then show how identity changes with the concept of multilinguism and then show it affects identity differently. The globalization of languages will be presented to show the effect on languages. A Sociological approach to self identity "The core of an identity is to put the "self" into a "role" and integrating the meanings and expectation s with the role and the performances" (Stets & Burke, 2000). Self is comprised of the mind as the thinking part (Stets & Burke, 2000). The thinking part creates action by the use of language as a means of communication. The concept of one's self or self concept is a collection of meanings used based on information that we have interpreted or gathered from others and taken as information about our 'evaluation' of our existence. (Chryssochoou, X 2000) The language two learner builds his acquisition on how the quality of his performance is perceived by others. Our sense of changing from the learner and the others can be perceived as idealistic or realistic, as the level of the learner is constantly changing (the classroom versus the real environment) Most of what we know about ourselves come from our environment. . Two dimensions of Self esteem have been identified: seeing oneself as competent and capable and feeling that one is accepted and valued (Chryssochoou, X 2000). Self worthine ss and having the ability to succeed are important in establishing the identity theory."In terms of language acquisition, efficacy is a belief about one's ability to become fluent" (Bandura 1995) Identity is a generic term as it is complex and multi-faceted. "The identities are the meanings, one has as a student, a teacher, a mother, a worker†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦" (Stet & Burk, 2000). The Identity Theory in Sociology takes into account 5 common principles

Personal and Professional Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Personal and Professional Development - Essay Example Secondly, there is increased productivity and one of high quality due to efficiency in performance. Self-management is crucial in enabling an individual to follow set rules. This essay primarily entails information on the personal and professional organization. In addition, the study involves an investigation of the ways people can learn to identify suitable methods for development. Further, there are some suggestions on how concerned individuals can encourage lifelong learning in personal and professional context. Finally, the essay evaluates the benefits of self-managed learning for both the individual as well as the organization. Personal and professional development Personal development refers to the action of a particular individual to advance through various activities necessary for bringing awareness of one’s potential. Personal development is responsible for ensuring that an individual has all the requisites for actual job performance. Professional development refers t o the advancement of individual performance through specialization in a particular field. Professional development is crucial for personal development, as it takes into account advancement in a person’s career and impact on the organization (Bubb & Earley 2007, p. 42). It helps one to acquire high-tech skills useful in overall performance. The outcome of professional development is one exhibiting quality work. ... Secondly, personal and professional development is essential for the performance of the organization, which is through placement of skilled personnel in different departments after a scrutiny of the skills that one has. Additionally, personal and professional development acts as a tool for designing and setting organizational objectives. It also helps leaders learn about their weak side when dealing with workers (Tomlinson 2004, p. 119). Finally, personal and professional development helps individuals develop a better perception concerning the differences between them and others within the organization. These objectives are in line with skillful tactics of focusing on what is best is achievable in the organization within a certain period. Recommendation on how people could learn to identify suitable methods for development Individuals, whether working in organizations or venturing into small business entities need to learn more about essential methods for development. The reason for learning about the methods is that people desire to grow and that they need their businesses to grow on the positive side of the economy. There are various ways helping one to identify the best development methods to apply. For instance, one should have better leadership styles. Leadership is important especially in a large organization where an individual (specifically a manager), has to help set objectives related to performance towards completion of set targets. There is also management of conflict, which is of significance when an individual has to have a good relation with the environment. Conflict management helps individual set objectives that are achievable by the employees within

Is organic produce really healthier than nonorganic - is organic Research Paper

Is organic produce really healthier than nonorganic - is organic really healthier - Research Paper Example xtent, the distinction between the organic produce and the nonorganic produce is realized based on the agricultural methods by which treatment of plant growth is carried out. At this stage, the farming processes for conventionally grown crops essentially differ from those implemented on the organics with respect to specific requirements that set the desired conditions for either approach. Eventually, this becomes the chief ground when traceable chemical substances or post-process residual components are detected on crops, causing possible threat to human health. By ‘organic’, the implications of the term pertain to the utilization of ecologically-balanced self-sustaining agricultural methods which abide by the application of wholly natural resources rather than synthetic derivatives in farming. Organic crops necessitate growth in natural soil and must be kept from alterations and be maintained at a sufficient distance from the slots reserved for the conventional counterparts. Applying pesticides and genetically engineered genes such as those of GMOs (genetically modified organisms) is a prohibited measure. Likewise, farmers are further regulated to get rid of both the sewage sludge-based and the petroleum-based fertilizers in aiding straight organic nourishment. Sources in managing pest control highly depend instead upon natural means with biodiversity through good insects, traps, birds, and other useful elements of nature with related properties. Similarly, restoring soil fertility is conducted using manure and compost whereas regulating weed may be performed manually via hand weeding or employing equally safer options as tilling, crop rotation, and mulching (Paul, et al). On the other hand, herbicides and insecticides are commonly utilized for weed and pest control purposes, respectively, as crops are made to develop in chemically fertilized soil. This way, nonorganic produce is often analyzed to contain significant levels of pesticides from which greater

Personal and Professional Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Personal and Professional Development - Essay Example Secondly, there is increased productivity and one of high quality due to efficiency in performance. Self-management is crucial in enabling an individual to follow set rules. This essay primarily entails information on the personal and professional organization. In addition, the study involves an investigation of the ways people can learn to identify suitable methods for development. Further, there are some suggestions on how concerned individuals can encourage lifelong learning in personal and professional context. Finally, the essay evaluates the benefits of self-managed learning for both the individual as well as the organization. Personal and professional development Personal development refers to the action of a particular individual to advance through various activities necessary for bringing awareness of one’s potential. Personal development is responsible for ensuring that an individual has all the requisites for actual job performance. Professional development refers t o the advancement of individual performance through specialization in a particular field. Professional development is crucial for personal development, as it takes into account advancement in a person’s career and impact on the organization (Bubb & Earley 2007, p. 42). It helps one to acquire high-tech skills useful in overall performance. The outcome of professional development is one exhibiting quality work. ... Secondly, personal and professional development is essential for the performance of the organization, which is through placement of skilled personnel in different departments after a scrutiny of the skills that one has. Additionally, personal and professional development acts as a tool for designing and setting organizational objectives. It also helps leaders learn about their weak side when dealing with workers (Tomlinson 2004, p. 119). Finally, personal and professional development helps individuals develop a better perception concerning the differences between them and others within the organization. These objectives are in line with skillful tactics of focusing on what is best is achievable in the organization within a certain period. Recommendation on how people could learn to identify suitable methods for development Individuals, whether working in organizations or venturing into small business entities need to learn more about essential methods for development. The reason for learning about the methods is that people desire to grow and that they need their businesses to grow on the positive side of the economy. There are various ways helping one to identify the best development methods to apply. For instance, one should have better leadership styles. Leadership is important especially in a large organization where an individual (specifically a manager), has to help set objectives related to performance towards completion of set targets. There is also management of conflict, which is of significance when an individual has to have a good relation with the environment. Conflict management helps individual set objectives that are achievable by the employees within

The history of soap operas Essay Example for Free

The history of soap operas Essay Media informs our lives everyday it is a big part in all our life, people watch TV programmes and take it as a new life style or religion, like pop idol and the world cup they generate discussion. Soap Operas use a lot of stereo and TV devices to get the message across to people e. g. if a character makes a joke then they will use a stereo device called canned laughter (audience laughing). Soap Operas usually depend on strong or true story lines. Soaps like Coronation St use around 14 writers on the scripts, also when they write a script there are normally 3 story line writer programme historians, they also try to make sure things like characters family details are consist. In this essay I will be writing about the history of soap operas. Soaps started in America, they use to take their names from the American radios. Companies who made soap powders originally sponsored them. Today they prefer to call soap operas serial dramas. Producers thought that calling serial dramas, soap operas gave them a negative reputation in that they do not sound like serious dramas. Coronation St was first shown in December 1960. In the beginning a pilot of 13 episodes was made by Granada television at that time it was a fairly new TV production company. These TV programs were only shown in the north-west England on Monday and Friday evenings. In May 1961 Coronation St taken by the network, which meant it, was shown all over national television. On Friday evenings in the early days transmission was live. Therefore if actors got their line wrong or they forgot it they had no second chance. The Monday soap episode was screened straight after the live transmission. After that the TV programmes was an instant successes to television, the two episodes that were on a week quickly became one of the most popular TV programmes on the ITV network. This was despite the fact that many critics thought that a story based in everyday northern working class lives, might be too depressing for public. Characteristics of the Street An example of a genre known as a kitchen sink drama is Coronation St, it is normally shown four times a week. A kitchen sink drama is a film or a play with a domestic setting, which is mainly about the lives of ordinary people. During the 1960s many of the films and plays made by the British cinema industry took ordinary working class life as their theme or script. For example, a kind of loving Saturday nights and on Sunday mornings, Billy Lair and the sporting fun life where films that were set in the popular northern towns, which featured and played lives of ordinary people Many people feel that the real attraction of life on the street is that it is character based, this means it mainly relies on strong and confident characters, whom the audience can identify or recognise, than on dealing with issues. This is fairly true about female characters. Since Tony Warren created the series, it has traditionally been centred or focused on women to be strong and out going, forceful personalities. Coronation St is the worlds longest running television drama serial. It also transmitted in Canada, Australia, New Zealand and other parts of Europe, however it is a world away from US soaps such as Days Of Our Lives and Bold and The Beautiful. The soap was written from characters view point rather than taken by other soaps Harry Elton producer told Tony Warren to write about something he knew and understood and Tony Warren was given 24 hours to come up with something that would take Britain by storm and it was the first episode of Coronation Street. Coronation St went into production with twelve episodes then thirteen, if the programme was not a success the street would be bulldozed. After the great success of Coronation St other soaps were created but the second most popular soap was Eastenders. People think that Eastenders deals with more serial drama life wife beating, drugs prostitution and sex. Eastenders was created in the 1980s. Conclusion Eastenders and Coronation Street have been a great success in Europe and other countries in the world, characters have become famous and a household name although not famous in every country who do not get presented these soaps. This brings my essay to a conclusion and I have discovered that media is a big part in peoples lives, media is a piece of history and the future.

Realist and Constructivist Approaches to Social Problems

Realist and Constructivist Approaches to Social Problems Critically analyse the way social problems are constructed and prioritised for intervention. Distinguish between the realist and construction approaches to social problems and offer an assessment of their value. Apply the relevant social theory to a contemporary social problem such as prostitution. Outlined below is a critical analysis of the way in which social problems are constructed and prioritised for intervention. This critical analysis will aim to distinguish between the realist and the construction approaches to social problems, going on to assess the value of each approach in turn. Then the social theory deemed to be the most relevant would be applied to a contemporary social problem. The realist approach to social problems is an approach that stresses that there is usually underlying causes of issues or phenomena within modern societies. The realist approach to social problems assumes that such problems have short – term and also long – term causes that are actually found ingrained into the social structures of modern societies.[1] The starting point of the realist approach to social problems stress that the underlying social causes of such problems as crime, illegal drug taking, and prostitution are generally more important over the long – term rather than the sometimes more obvious short –term causes of the phenomena being examined.[2] Advocates of the realist approach to social problems frequently contend that sociologists should always delve deeper into the specific social problems that they are evaluating. The realist approach to social problems implies that sociologists delve deeper to find out the affects of factors such as deprivation, discrimination, prejudices, and also poverty.[3] According to the realist approach to social problems these factors whether own their own, or in various combinations with each other are the real underlying causes of social problems. Therefore in many respects the realist approach to social problems has a great deal in common with the Marxist approach to social problems and all related issues. The main difference being that the Marxist approach to social problems would always contend that class and economic conflicts or developments are the root causes of every social problem.[4] The Construction approach to social problems examines the causes of all such social problems from a different perspective than the realist approach to social problems does. Whereas the realist approach to social problems contends that there are nearly always underlying factors causing these social problems, the Construction approach to social problems does not automatically that to be the case. Thus in contrast to the realist approach to social problems the Construction approach assumes that social problems are specifically constructed and that they could actually have causes that are as straightforward as they appeared to be at first glance.[5] The Construction approach to social problems argues that these problems are often constructed at the same time as the societies that they are found inside, and sometimes constructed after the society in question has already become well established. In the Construction approach to social problems it also often implied that the issues that are deemed to be social problems are classified as such due to the prevailing social and moral values within any given society. What is regarded as a social problem in one society might be regarded as being partly or entirely acceptable in another society.[6] For instance different societies have different attitudes towards issues such as homosexuality and prostitution, with more liberal minded societies perhaps not regarding them as social problems at all. Under the Construction approach to social problems various social issues and whether or not they constitute social problems depends upon the subjective values of prevailing social and moral attitudes.[7] Societies are not always entirely agreed as to which social issues can be regarded as being social problems. The Construction approach to social problems therefore finds it useful to argue that it is the strongest or prevailing social and moral attitudes that construct and prioritise social problems and labels them as such.[8] The best of the approaches to social problems to be used to construct and also to prioritise the social problem or problems being examined would be the realist approach to social problems.[9] The strength of the realist approach to social problems is that it would offer the chance to gain an understanding of the underlying causes of social problems. The realist approach to social problems such as drug taking and prostitution gives more extensive explanations than those provided by the Construction approach to social problems does. [10] The realist approach to social problems offers a deeper insight into the underlying causes of problems like prostitution. To begin with the realist approach to social problems would make the sociologists examining the issue look into all the possible underlying causes of prostitution.[11] When following the realist approach to social problems like prostitution sociologists would evaluate the parts that addiction, alienation, desperation, discrimination, sexuality, and violence played in making the problem better or worse.[12] In other words the realist approach to social problems would contend that prostitution was a social problem that demonstrates the unfair, harsh, violent, and frequently hypocritical ways social problems are formed and also understood are actually common in contemporary modern societies.[13] The realist approach to social problems would contend that prostitution has been around for thousands of years in virtually every society that has ever existed, its most obvious cause being that people will pay for sex, and that other people will exchange sexual services for cash payments. According to the realist approach to social problems prostitution has more underlying causes such as prostitutes selling their bodies to make a living, to pay for drink or drug addictions, and more sinisterly they are physically forced into doing it. Whether or not prostitutes undertake their role freely or are forced into it the realist approach to social problems would nearly always argue that they are being e xploited for the financial gains of others. The realist approach to social problems or at least its advocates would contend that prostitution will probably never go away, and the main aim of society should be to protect prostitutes from exploitation, violence, and sexually transmitted diseases.[14] Therefore to conclude the realist approach to social problems is better than the Construction approach to social problems as it allows sociologists the chance to evaluate social issues and social problems in greater detail. The realist approach to social problems offers a better understanding of the constructing and the prioritising of prostitution as a social problem. Bibliography Abercrombie N, Hill S Turner B S, (2000) The Penguin Dictionary of Sociology 4th edition, Penguin Group, London Abercrombie N, (2004) Sociology, A Short Introduction, Polity, Cambridge Cavadino M Dignan J, (2002) The Penal System An Introduction, Sage Publications Lawson T Heaton T, (1999) Crime and Deviance, MacMillan, Basingstoke 1 Footnotes [1] Abercrombie, Hill Turner B, 2000 p. 326 [2] Abercrombie, 2004 p. 25 [3] Abercrombie, Hill Turner B, 2000 p. 312 [4] Abercrombie, 2004 p. 25 [5] Lawson Heaton, 1999 p. 58 [6] Abercrombie, 2004 p. 25 [7] Lawson Heaton, 1999 p. 58 [8] Abercrombie, Hill Turner B, 2000 p. 326 [9] Lawson Heaton, 1999 p. 176 [10] Cavadino Dignan, 2002 p.53 [11] Abercrombie, 2004 p. 25 [12] Abercrombie, Hill Turner B, 2000 p. 326 [13] Cavadino Dignan, 2002 p.53 [14] Lawson Heaton, 1999 p. 58

Communitarianism vs. Cosmopolitanism Essay -- Politics Political

Normative Theories of Politics - Contrasting Cosmopolitan and Communitarian Approaches When looking at normative theories of politics, the main distinction is between cosmopolitanism and communitarianism. In this essay the term community shall refer to political communities, or more specifically, states. It is important to note that these political communities have been defined territorially, and not necessarily by culture, although this is taken for granted to an extent by communitarianism. Communitarians say that each community is different, and therefore should act accordingly with each other. In other words, state autonomy should be absolute and law and moral standards should be self-determined by the community itself alone. Furthermore, communities should have no obligations to other political communities or any sort of international law. Contrastingly, Cosmopolitans say that there should be an overriding universal moral standard to which all states (or communities) should adhere. If a state is infringing on the rights of the individual or humanity, then intervent ion is appropriate and just. (Steve Smith, The Globalisation of World Politics: An Introduction to International Relations p. 173A) Communitarianism says that communities themselves define what rightful conduct is, and therefore should not be obliged to follow any universal moral code. Morality arises from the culture that makes up the community, and therefore determines what is right for that community, whether it is or not for anyone else. Communitarians say that there cannot be a universal moral standard because where would these standards come from? Who would decide what is right and wrong? However, the argument communitarianism can be turned against it if these communities are nation-states. It is only the predominant culture that will determine what the moral standards of the community are. Cosmopolitans argue that there should be a universal moral standard to which every community must abide. They allow for state autonomy, but only to an extent. States must not be able to be completely self-determined and free from moral obligations to the rest of the international community. But this raises significant qu estions. Can a universal moral standard exist? And how can it apply to all states? While cosmopolitanism allows for some state autonomy, the moral standard would mean that some ... ...t state autonomy cannot be restricted by anything but the community (state) itself. As one might assume, it follows from these differing standpoints that the way each theory view intervention, etc., will be in opposition. (Steve Smith, The Globalisation of World Politics: An Introduction to International Relations p. 173A) (Chris Brown, The Globalisation of World Politics: An Introduction to International Relations p. 480A) (Steve Smith, The Globalisation of World Politics: An Introduction to International Relations p. 173A) Cosmopolitanism and communitarianism differ vastly in the way they, as intellectual concepts, deal with international relations. Cosmopolitanism holds the view that the rights of humanity and the individual should override those of the state (or political community), whereas communitarianism is the opposite. It states that the rights of the community are more important than those of the state. It is because of these fundamental differences that they deal with international relations in significantly different ways. However, both theories have their flaws and it seems that we can have neither a fully cosmopolitan or communitarian world political system.

Gender Roles and Hypnosis :: Barker Regeneration papers

"Gender Roles and Hypnosis" Pat Barker's Regeneration explores the internal struggles of WWI soldiers, and their attempts to overcome the trauma of war experiences. One way in which soldiers were treated for psychological trauma was with hypnosis. Hypnosis is introduced to the reader on page 51. In this particular scene, Billy Prior is attempting to convince Dr. Rivers of his specific need for hypnotherapy, in order to recall his repressed memories. By recovering these painful memories through hypnosis, Barker's male patients find themselves able to embrace emotions rather than repress them. Prior is one particular example of the need to alter masculine gender roles in order to embrace emotions and be healed, a theme present in Regeneration. Hypnosis is derived from the Greek word hypnos, which means sleep ("Hypnotism"). However, the patient does not sleep during hypnosis. It has been described as a therapeutic method, which uses the "technique of inducement of trance, which is a state of semi-conscious relaxation, at the same time maintaining sensory contact with the environment" (Bernik). Hypnosis can produce various levels of perception, increased memory, increased attention and motor functions, and "higher intellectual functions" (Bernik). Historically there have been many uses for hypnosis, as David Deegan describes. The most general is to relieve all types of physical pain. During hypnosis, many patients have described their physical pain as feeling closer to a warming sensation. Another use involves the treatment of diseases such as asthma and irritable colon. Hypnosis can also be used to control various impulses that can contribute to anorexia, obesity, chemical addictions, and sexual impulses. Finally, hypnosis can be used to treat phobias such as panic disorder and anxiety. It was widely used in this manner in WWI due to a shortage of psychiatrists, mostly for the treatment of physical pain, itching, anxiety, and the "restoring of repressed traumatic experiences which could them be dealt with and understood, helping soldiers come to terms with dreadful events" (Deegan). Coming to terms with traumatic events through hypnosis is a positive consequence of restoring memory. Barker first refers to hypnosis and its assistance in restoring memory on page 51, where hypnosis represents proof of Prior's desire to be healed. Prior is arguing that he does in fact want to get better, but he does not agree with Rivers' psychoanalytic treatment. He claims he does not remember the latter part of his service in France, and he wants Rivers to try hypnosis so that he can recall his repressed memories.

Abuse Assignment Essay

Ai Physical abuse Physical abuse is when someone physically hurts you, although it doesn’t have to leave marks or bruises to mean it is physical abuse. Example of this abuse are smacking, kicking, pinching, punching and many more. There can be a multiple reasons why someone would physically harm a person an example would be if someone was using drugs or drinking alcohol; these substances could cloud someone’s judgement making them think an action is right. Physical abuse normally starts slowly with a small slap but over time it can escalate further sometimes causing death. There are many different signs and symptoms of physical abuse some signs you can see such as bruises, burns, broken bones, scratches and weight loss. Weight loss might be if the abuser isn’t allowing them food or their medication this can cause serious side effects. It can also cause depression and fear; this could mean a person is too scared to leave the house which means they will also be socially deprived and excluded from society. Sexual abuse Sexual abuse is when someone forces you to carry out a sexual act or have one preformed on yourself. Some examples of sexual abuse are unwanted kissing or touching, rape and being rough or forceful. The abuser will control when and where the abuse will be carried out therefore the victim can be feel scared because they don’t know when it’s going to happen again. Sexual abuse can happen to anyone even in married couple or people who have had sex before. Just because someone doesn’t say no or resist this still counts as abuse. Sexual abuse can have many different signs and symptoms some visible and some not. Visible would be signs such as bruising or hand marks on the body. Others signs are not so easy to spot for example they might have depression, lack of sleep because of fear they will come back, pregnancy and many more. It can also affect them later in life especially when the abuse has stopped, they won’t feel they can trust people or partners which wil l affect them socially. Emotional/psychological abuse Emotional abuse is when someone manipulates your emotions; it can be done through many different ways such as humiliating a person or scaring them to think they have control over them. If someone is very intimidating towards you threatening you with physical abuse this is normally empty threats but the victim will be in fear of what could happen. Emotional abuse can be difficult to identify as it is not physical which leaves marks. There are three different patterns of emotional abuse such as aggressive, denying and minimising. Signs and symptoms of emotional abuse are hard to identify as there aren’t any physical marks. It normally knocks someone’s confidences leaving them feeling worthless. They will find it hard to trust others and will struggle with finding partners. Other signs and symptoms of emotional abuse is depression, anxiety, isolation from society, fearful behaviour, low confidence and addictions to substances. Financial abuse Financial abuse is when someone controls or manipulates you to share your money. An example would be them having control over your bank account or having it in their name; this gives them full access to your money leaving you to feel helpless. Another example would be to take all cards or statement from leaving you with nothing, they control all your spending giving you an allowance. The person carrying out the abuse normally gains control by acting like they are offering help normally it will get out of control or they can do it through fear and intimidation. Signs and symptoms of financial abuse are not having enough money for food, unpaid bills, being overdrawn on bank accounts or personal items have gone missing. This can lead to the victim feeling like they have no control, they will feel scared of the outcome. Institutional abuse Institutional abuse is when someone has been mistreated and provided with inadequate care or support. The victim’s feelings or needs will be over looked, leaving someone to feel powerless. It can also be caused by the service having problems such as untrained staff, unsupervised staff, poor management and poor communication skills. Signs and symptoms of institutional abuse is denying someone their rights or food, drink, clothes or adequate living environments. Another major sign would be fears of punishment such as threatening to take personal possessions. Not allowing  the victim to see family, friends, doctors or their care manager. This can have serious side effects especially if the person is ill and was denied to see a doctor. Self-neglect Self-neglect happens when a person fails to take care of themselves on a day to day basis. They will not carry out basic requirements such as having regular food/drink intakes, keeping up personal hygiene, taking medication and many more. This can cause physical, mental or emotional damage. Reasons why someone might self-neglect are they might be depressed, poor health, mental health problems, cognitive problems and physically unable to care for themselves. Signs and symptoms of self-neglect malnourished, poor hygiene, dehydration, dirty clothing and poor health. This can normally be improved by seeing a doctor or having extra help at home. Neglect by other Neglect by others can happen when a service provider does not supply the day to day living need a person relies on. An example of this would be food, water, living accommodation, medication, access to a doctor if necessary or not allowing someone to wash. The care giver may refuse to carry out necessary personal tasks which they are there to do as the victim can’t do it themselves. The signs and symptoms are similar to self-neglect except it would be a care giver neglecting them. The victim may be dirty, dehydrated, malnourished, poor health and mentally effected. Aiii If you suspect an individual is being neglected report it to your manager. Write a detailed account of what you know or seen. Make sure its kept private between you and your manager. They will report it to the appropriate authorities. However if it has not happened within a workplace you can report it to the police if you think they are in immediate danger which they will carry out a full investigation. If they aren’t in danger you can report it to the local safeguarding council. Aiv If someone tells you they are being abused it is important to keep calm and listen. Never doubt that they are being untruthful, make them feel they to talk to you so they don’t feel embarrassed or that you’re judging the situation. Make a detailed account of when and where it happened included  dates if they know. The individual needs to feel reassured that everything will be fine however they need to understand the information disclosed will be passed onto a manager or appropriate authorities. If they need medical attention it should be reported to either emergency services, their local doctor or your manager. If the law has been broken call 999 and report it to the police; they will do a full investigation. Av All evidence must be kept safe by storing it in a secure place. It should be locked away so only the necessary people can get hold of it or read it. Anything that could have been used as evidence such as clothing or objects should be left for appropriate authorities to look at. It should not be discussed in public or with people outside of work, it needs to be kept confidential. Task B Orchid View The Orchid view care home in Copthorne, West Sussex was labelled ‘Britain’s worst care home’. Last October there was an investigation carried out which found 19 residents had died due to poor care. Five more residents has died of natural causes after neglect. The residents in orchid view were a victim of institutional abuse. On multiple occasions care staff failed to provide adequate care. It was reported that in one single night 28 drug errors occurred. Care staff at the care home made medication errors which could have been avoided by more medication training. Jean Halfpenny died in 2010, she was given three times the prescribed dose of her blood thinning medication Warfarin over 17 days. A boots pharmacist went to the care home to give advice, she reported concerns to CQC over the storage and mismanagement of the medication. It was also said the residents of orchid view care home were malnourished and were dehydrated. The home was very understaffed leaving residents to press their bells with no response on many occasions some service users couldn’t even reach their bells, this caused poor hygiene which lead to further health problems. Other concerns raised were poor pain managed and abusive behaviour towards the residents. The care was later shut down and is under new management. A full investigation was  carried out many care workers were arrested however were not charged due to no evidence. Task C Ci A social care worker should report any signs of unsafe practice to their manager. A detail account should be kept of the actual unsafe practice, time of day it happened, where it happened. This can be done through the whistle blowing policy which allows information to be shared. Your manager should immediately report this information to higher authority so a full investigation can be carried out and a resolution can be put in place. Any unlawful practice will be examined by the police which will lead to discipline. Cii If unsafe practice is reported and nothing is done to investigate or solve the problem, keep a copy the report which was sent to your manager this will act as evidence you’re ever needed to prove it was reported. Keep reporting it to your manager until something is done make sure an up to date record it kept to show the time you have tried to flag unsafe practice. You can also take it into your own hands to tell the person using the unsafe practice what they are doing wrong this may solve the problem. If nothing is still done after reporting multiple times contact CQC informing them of what’s happened, they will carry out an investigation. Ciii If the individual is physically disabled they are more as risk of being abused by others. They may not be able to defend for themselves for example if someone was physically abusing them they might be unable to move therefore they can’t flight back or shield themselves. Also if they are unable to speak they might not be able to report who is abusing them or what’s happening. Age can be a major factor for someone to be abused. All ages can be abused but especially the elderly, they are more vulnerable. Older people suffer from financial abuse because they are unable to control it themselves, therefore they have to ask others for help. This allows people to assess their bank accounts or saving accounts. People will take advantage and steal from them. People with sensory impairments are also makes individuals that are more vulnerable to abuse because they are less  aware of what’s happening around them. If they have difficulty with sight or hearing they will not be aware of abuse such as if they were partially death they might be unable to her verbal abuse or if they are blind they might be able of financial abuse e.g. stealing from them. Civ By adopting a person centred approach you will empower an individual to take control; might their own decisions. This will give them more confidence and independence. This will have a massive impact on a person life if they feel they have control instead of needing help off others. If they have more confidence in themselves they will be less vulnerable, people will start to respect them for having their own opinions and having a voice and not a target to abuse them. Cv It’s important to encourage active participation because it gives them more freedom to make their decisions even if advice if given from health care professionals. It improves confidence and self-esteem to the point where they will not suffer from abuse if they were to be a victim. They won’t be targeted for abuse because they have more of a voice people will see they don’t need to rely on others. It will also improve social development as they will be able to make new friends and go out with people in social situations, this will make them less vulnerable because they will be more outgoing and less shy and reserved. Cvi Having an effective and easy to use complaints procedure can reduce the likelihood of abuse because if anyone can use it more people are going to report abuse therefore its less likely to go unreported. If the people carrying out the abuse know the complaints procedure is easy and people can use it they are less likely to abuse the individuals in the first place. Also if it’s easy to use it means complaints are going to resolves quickly meaning the abuse wouldn’t of happen for long or disciplinary action will take place ensuring it won’t happen again. This also ensures the individuals are safeguarded appropriately against abuse.

System of Linear Equation

SYSTEM OF LINEAR EQUATIONS IN TWO VARIABLES Solve the following systems: 1. ? ? x ? y ? 8 ? x ? y ? 2 by graphing by substitution by elimination by Cramer’s rule 2. ? ?2 x ? 5 y ? 9 ? 0 ? x ? 3y ? 1 ? 0 by graphing by substitution by elimination by Cramer’s rule 3. ? ?4 x ? 5 y ? 7 ? 0 ? 2 x ? 3 y ? 11 ? 0 by graphing by substitution by elimination by Cramer’s rule CASE 1: intersecting lines independent & consistent m1? m2 CASE 2: parallel lines inconsistent m1 = m2 ; b1 ? b2 CASE 3: coinciding lines consistent & dependent m1 = m2 ; b1 = b2 Classify the following system, whether (a) intersecting, (b) parallel, or (c) coinciding lines 1. ? ? 3 x ? 4 y ? 1 ? 0 ? 3 x ? 4 y ? 2 ? 0 ? 3 x ? 4 y ? 1 ? 0 ? 6 x ? 8 y ? 2 ? 0 Solve the following systems in three variables: 1. ?3 x ? 4 y ? z ? 1 2. ? x ? y ? 2 ? ? x ? 4 y ? 3z ? 3 ? 3 x ? 2 y ? 2 z ? 0 ? ________ ? ? 3 y ? z ? 1 ? x ? 2 z ? 7 ? 2. ? ________ 3. ? ?2 x ? 5 y ? 1 ? 0 ? 5 ? x ? 2 y ? 2 ? 0 ? ?2 x ? ? 1 ? 4 x ? 2 y ? 3 ? x ? 2 y ? 1 ? 0 ? 2 x ? y ? 1 ________ 4. ? ________ 5. ? ________ ?1 ? x ? ? Solve ? ?1 ? ?x ? 2 ? 3 y 3 ? 2 y Problem solving Form a system of equations from the problems given below. A) (MIXTURE PROBLEM 1) How many pounds of a 35% salt solution and a 14% salt solution should be combined so that a 50 pounds of a 20% solution is obtained? B) (UNIFORM MOTION) Two motorists start at the same time from two places 128 km apart and drive toward each other. One drives 10kph than the other. If they met after 48 minutes (that is, 4/5 hr), find the average speed of each. C) A dietician is preparing a meal consisting of foods A, B, and C as shown in the table below. Fat Protein Carbohydrate If the meal must provide exactly 24 units of fat, 25 Food A 3 2 4 units of protein, and 21 units of carbohydrate, how Food B 2 3 1 many ounces of each food should be used? Food C 3 3 2

Emotional Intelligence – Summary

February 10, 2013 ASMT W4b (R) ASMT W4b  (R) Why Emotional Intelligence Is Not Essential for Leadership C6 p. 171 Mitch McCrimmon, the author of â€Å"Why Emotional Intelligence Is Not Essential for Leadership†, presents an argument contrary to that of Daniel Goleman’s claim that leaders must be emotionally intelligent to be effective. He even ventures as far as calling Goleman’s theory harmful. â€Å"The bottom line is that emotional intelligence is more important for management than leadership† (Rowe, 2013, p. 172). McCrimmon begins his argument referencing great leaders like Martin Luther King, Mahatma Gandi, and Nelson Mandela.Each of these men has influenced others with their passion to eradicate unfairness. They convinced those who can make decisions to favor their ideas. â€Å"They aimed their cry at their respective governments and the population at large . . . but none of them managed the people responsible for making the policy changes that th ey were promoting† (Rowe, 2013, p. 172). They were bottom-up leaders. McCrimmon makes this point in order to simplify and redefine leadership to â€Å"the successful promotion of new directions† (Rowe, 2013, p. 172).This simplified definition of leadership allows for the promotion of better ideas in an environment where the leadership role shifts from person to person as ideas are developed. As justification for his new definition, McCrimmon claims that the traditional concept of leadership is founded within the confines of the managerial framework, not in those who lead outside of managerial roles. Returning to the topic of the article, the author contends that â€Å"emotional intelligence is critical for management, though not so for leadership† (Rowe, 2013, p. 174).From the beginning, emotional intelligence should have been associated with management, but â€Å"a scapegoat was needed to blame for the failure of Western businesses to cope with Japanese competi tion, and management was fingered for this role† (Rowe, 2013, p. 174). With management now the â€Å"bad guy†, emotional intelligence became associated with the â€Å"good guy† – leadership. Emotional intelligence has its place among management and only a situational role in leadership. It is important for executives and managers because they have many responsibilities involving the welfare of others.Managers need high emotional intelligence to succeed. However, creative and innovative non-managers, those wanting to challenge the status quo, do not need emotional intelligence in order to convince others of their ideas and be effective leaders. â€Å"The power to lead is increasingly knowledge based and is less about personality and character. Conversely, emotional intelligence is essential for all managerial roles† (Rowe, 2013, p. 175). McCrimmon concludes his argument with call for organizations to cultivate bottom-up leadership, especially organiz ations dependent on constant innovation. If potential leaders are told to keep quiet until they become emotionally intelligent, they may well say good-bye before they gain the necessary maturity† (Rowe, 2013, p. 175). He implores those in management positions to relinquish their monopolies on leadership in order to grow and encourage bottom-up leadership. Empower others to be leaders. References Rowe, G. , & Guerrero, L. (2013). Cases in leadership. (3rd ed. ). Thousand Oaks, California: Sage Publishing.

Being and Nothingness according to Jean-Paul Sartre Essay

Being and Nothingness according to Jean-Paul Sartre - Essay Example Sartre explains that our perception of the external world is absolute and pure. He also suggests that our perception of objects is of finite nature, and our self perceives them with the help of the senses. He is of the idea that what we see in the outside world is what we know and what we get. In his philosophical theory argues that the being – in –itself and being- for- itself are distinct aspects of this real world. Here being – in –itself are the unconscious beings and being- for -itself is the conscious being. As per Jean-Paul Sartre, being –in -itself is stable and isn’t aware of its existence, whereas being – for- itself is aware of its own consciousness. These both beings are distinct from each other and constitute the existence of the universe.Being – in– itself cannot change its form with its own will as it does not have will or consciousness. However being – for – itself has free will, awareness an d chooses to act right or wrong. Anyway, Jean-Paul Sartre sees the being – for –itself as incomplete and indefinite, as it can go to any limit with its dynamic consciousness. This is what makes a man undetermined, indefinable and conscious creature. Since for – itself or a man in other terms is absent of a predetermined essence, it is intimidated or forced to create itself from nothingness or voidness. According to Sartre voidness or nothingness is the very explainable characteristic of a human being.For example, a rock is a rock and can do nothing to change its shape or form. But in case of being – for – itself can change its shape, form and even decide what he wants to do or not do. A man has the power to act in this world, and also can interact with physical objects which are being – in – itself. We can see that a man is not simply being here in this world, but also is actuating himself with the power of consciousness and awareness . A man or a self can create a whole dynamic world of himself by perceiving the objects of the universe. His consciousness is of infinite power and this gives him the ability to perceive being – in – itself in a dynamic way.

Appraisal Systems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Appraisal Systems - Essay Example Performance appraisal of employees resorted to by organizations has many objectives. Mohrman, Resnick-West and Lawler (1989) identify increase in motivation to perform effectively and to increase the self esteem of the employees as essential objectives of performance appraisal methods. They usually enable the organization to maintain a reliable record of the performance of each employee in order to determine the wage levels, incentives, salary increase, transfers and promotions. The performance appraisal methods also bring out the needs for training of employees at various levels in the organization. By studying his/her performance appraisal report the employee is able to improve upon his performance by rectifying the mistakes he/she might have committed earlier. There are various methods usually employed by progressive organizations to make appraisals of employee performance. These can be divided into three different groups; (i) individual evaluation methods, (ii) multiple person evaluation methods, and (iii) other methods. The individual evaluation methods are based on an assessment of the performance of the individual employees. ... The report is not data-based but merely represents the impressions of the superior about the subordinate. Since the report is mostly subjective the employee may not be sure of his strengths and weaknesses and is also not guided for rectifying his mistakes. Essay evaluation is a non-quantitative technique in which the rater is asked to prepare an essay based on the job knowledge and potential of the employee and the employee's understandings of the policies and programmers of the company. The attitude and perceptions of the employees are also taken into account while preparing the essay. This method has serious limitation of being a subjective one and sometimes the rater may be found to be poor in expressing his views correctly. Under critical incident technique the effective and ineffective behavior on the job of the employee is observed by the manager who prepares a list of incidents representing the poor or outstanding behavior of each employee. The manager periodically records the incidents and at the end of the rating period these incidents are summarized to evaluate the employee performance. This method is more suitable to assess the job of the supervisors rather than that of the employees at low levels. In the check list method a list of objective or descriptive statements about the employee behavior is included and the rater makes his observations on the employee performance by checking the particular trait of the behavior which he assessed the employee to possess and other traits are left blank. A variation of the method is to assign weights to different traits and summarize the assessment of the rater. One serious limitation of this method is that the rating is normally biased by the